Orbeta, Aniceto C.; Metila, Romylyn A.; Monje, Jennifer D. - 2025
education (MTB-MLE) for improving long-term academic outcomes, especially in first language (L1) literacy and second language (L …2) acquisition. The Philippines has undergone multiple shifts in its LOI policy, with the MTB-MLE initiative initially … investments in multilingual educational resources. Recommendations include strengthening L1-based MLE, particularly for Indigenous …