The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) region consists mostly of developing countries experiencing rapid economic growth and industrialisation, resulting in rising energy demand primarily met using fossil fuels. Emissions abatement technologies and economic instruments like carbon...

The global crude oil trade network, a cornerstone of energy supply chains, suffers from structural inefficiencies that amplify environmental damage and geopolitical risks. This study aims to (1) develop an optimization model reconciling logistical costs with CO2 emissions, (2) quantify energy...