This paper introduces a formal mathematical taxonomy of four principal health insurance models: Bismarckian, Beveridgean, Commercial, and Collaborative & Contributive (C&C). Each model is analyzed for its structural characteristics, sustainability conditions, and demographic resilience under...

Background: Improving the performance of marine terminals is one of the major concerns of both researchers and decision-makers in the maritime transportation sector. The problem of container storage planning and the berth allocation problem (BAP) are the two mainstays of optimizing port...

This article describes a new approach to determining the optimal amount of state financial support provided to business entities. It is shown that there are three available methods to support economic agents. The most cost-effective option is subsidizing business entities to expand their current...

Background: Since global warming is a crucial worldwide issue, carbon tax has been introduced in the global supply chain as an environmental regulation for the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Costs, GHG emissions, and carbon tax prices differ in each country due to economic...