Ambulance offload delays are a growing concern for health care providers in many countries. Offload delays occur when ambulance paramedics arriving at a hospital Emergency Department (ED) cannot transfer patient care to staff in the ED immediately. This is typically caused by overcrowding in the...

This paper models and analyzes the throughput of a two-stage manufacturing system with multiple independent unreliable machines at each stage and one finite-sized buffer between the stages. The machines follow exponential operation, failure, and repair processes. Most of the literature uses...