We analyze a nonlinear rational expectations equilibrium model with an ex post endogenous liquidity provision decision. Speed and information technology advantages allow endogenous liquidity providers (ELPs) to switch between limit and market orders after observing private information. This...

By adverse-selecting liquidity providers, toxic order flow harms liquidity. We empirically examine which components of modern markets' net flow of orders convey information and signal toxicity. We find that the net flow of non-marketable orders is more informative than the trade-initiator-based...

We study Bitcoin (BTC) trading at the CME and four settlement spot exchanges that transact $146 million per day in the BTC/USD pair. Spot market median trade sizes are under $1,300 but exceed $18,000 on the CME. Bid-ask spreads average 0.0298%.Trade sizes of over $1 million move markets by less...

This paper provides a guide to high frequency option trade and quote data disseminated by theOptions Price Reporting Authority (OPRA). We present a comprehensive overview of the U.S. option market, including details on market regulation and the trading processes for all 16 constituent option...

I find that bond issuing entities reduce acquisition activity by approximately 22% following an exogenous increase in bond market exit threat. The treatment effect is less pronounced when an issuer is a reference entity in the CDS market and when bank monitoring is higher. The effect is more...

We introduce the Realized moMents of Disjoint Increments (ReMeDI) paradigm to measure microstructure noise (the deviation of the observed asset prices from the fundamental values caused by market imperfections). We propose consistent estimators of arbitrary finite moments of a microstructure...

We derive invariance relationships in a dynamic, infinite-horizon, equilibrium model of adverse selection with risk-neutral informed traders, noise traders, market makers, and with endogenous information production. The model solution depends on two state variables: stock price and...

We analyze how a large informed trader chooses between a lit exchange and a dark pool. We show that (1) the market share of the dark pool increases when the informed trader trades; (2) the market share of the dark pool increases more when the value of information is higher; and (3) price...

We show that economically insignificant tick sizes encourage undercutting behavior, harming market quality. While theory shows increasing tick sizes in unconstrained markets reduces undercutting, improving market quality, pricing grids of most markets are too coarse to test this. We examine a...

This paper investigates the role of the probability of informed trading (PIN) in mergers and acquisitions. We show that acquirers with higher PINs use more cash to finance their deals due to their higher cost of equity, and acquirers use more equity financing when acquiring targets with higher...