Introduction -- The Traditional Approach to Asset Allocation.- Risk-Based Approaches to Asset Allocation: The Case for Risk Parity -- The Different Risk-Based Approaches to Asset Allocation -- Application of the Risk-Based Approaches to Asset Allocation -- Appendix. .

In this paper, we derive two shrinkage estimators for minimum-variance portfolios that dominate the traditional estimator with respect to the out-of-sample variance of the portfolio return. The presented results hold for any number of assets and number of observations . The small-sample...