The Electronic Check (eCheck) is designed to substitute paper checks to enhance the bank service with new ecommerce features in today's global economy, especially meeting the great upsurge of Internet and mobile banking services. The eCheck inherits all features of paper checks in an electronic...

With the conclusion of a contract of civil law, the parties may take some reasonably unforeseeable economic risks that might disrupt the synallagmatic character of the contract; therefore, disproportionate, unviable extra burden may appear in the contractual relations on the side of some...

We develop an analytical framework of heterogeneous consumers and producers to examine the market and welfare effects of Technology Use Agreements (TUAs) and variety-level Genetic Use Restriction Technologies (V-GURTs). Specifically, we examine an innovator’s decision to introduce V-GURTs into...

France has a long and unique experience of public intervention in household debt restructuring. When facing financial distress, households can file a case to a “households’ over-indebtedness commission” (HOC). These HOCs either grant a delay of payment or impose a partial reimbursement of...

Adapting a gainful occupation to technological or economical development may require the amendment of individual labor contract under which the activity is performed, taking into account the intrinsic dynamics of employment. If the parties, by agreement, determine the content of the individual...