COVID-19, caused by SARS-Cov-2, was declared to be a pandemic by the World Health Organization on 11 March 2020. Since then, the issue of the relationship between patent protection and the development of and access to medical treatments and technologies – a longstanding and enduringly...

From the concept of International Trade Organization (ITO) to General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and eventually in the form of global governance structure on trade the World Trade Organization (WTO) started operating with the vision to ease the international trade procedures and...

International trade flows based on information. Is the foreign market open? What are the conditions for entry? Are there customs duties to be paid and other regulations that need to be satisfied? Businesses thrive on getting as much certainty as they can find, and this requires reliable...

LDCs acceding to the World Trade Organization have a hard negotiation road to travel, and much to learn from previous successful accessions. While many of those negotiations were done privately, much can still be garnered by looking at the evolution of those countries’ procurement policies,...

The World Trade Organisation Government Procurement Agreement (GPA) has created the most comprehensive plurilateral system for procurement-related trade liberalisation. However, there has been a proliferation of free trade agreements (FTAs) regulating public procurement liberalisation, including...

Binding dispute settlement, meaning the ability to obtain a final judgment of whether a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) has acted inconsistently with its obligations, was the defining attribute of the WTO as created in 1995. Global commerce thrived on having the certainty provided...

During the COVID-19 pandemic, trade measures are popular to countries to secure and strengthen the health care system’s capacity. Subsidies are one of the trade measures to boost the production of medical products and build up the domestic supply chain. The article explores the legality of a...

Rising levels of food insecurity continue to pose a threat to economic and social stability in developing, LDCs and low-income countries, and the WTO’s Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) provides the policy structure to ensure sustainable reform for trade in agriculture products and domestic...

Policy work in both the United States and the European Union is underway on how best to structure border carbon adjustments (BCA) mechanisms to protect the competitiveness of domestic industries while these enterprises make investments in reducing their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions—thereby...

With greater importance given to the climate change debate, energy has slowly attracted the complete attention of the whole world. The energy sector can be roughly divided into renewable energy, on the one hand, and fossil fuels, on the other. The former category is at the core of all the main...