There is no violation of work agreement clause should be scrutinized by the parties. Is there an element that violates the rules of labour law. This study aimed to analyse the violation case of the clause in a particular time employment agreement (PKWT) that resulted in dismissal. This research...

Agreed commitments under GATS — both general and specific — amount to substantial qualifications to the exercise of sovereignty and powers in shaping domestic regulation of services. Members therefore agreed to introduce security exceptions aimed to preserve Members’ freedom of action in...

This contribution offers a comprehensive analysis of Art. XIX GATS, entitled “Negotiation of Specific Commitments”, which clarifies the manner in which negotiations under the GATS should proceed in order to progressively achieve higher levels of liberalization. This provision also identifies...

The European Court of Justice has refused to grant both Member States and private applicants the right to rely directly on the provisions of World Trade Organisation (WTO) Agreements, except in special circumstances. Various commentators have described the basis on which the Court relies for its...

The UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and their explicit reference to the WTO treaties offer a new incentive to rethink the regulatory structure of Special and Differential Treatment (SDT) and the scope of the General Exceptions in WTO law: Among others, the SDGs aim at overcoming the...

This article argues that although the Most Favoured Nations principle is a hallowed cornerstone of the GATT/WTO Law, its application in practice, with all the available exceptions, does not really appear to provide a level playing field for all nations, as the principle promises

With the establishment of the World Trade Organization in 1995, the dispute settlement mechanism for international trade was greatly prepared unlike the old GATT system. It has a very different pattern from that of original GATT system. In our case, international trade is a matter of the future...

In Nigeria, there are mixed reactions towards GMOs. While there are pro-GMO activists arguing for the creation of a market for GMOs, there are also anti-GMO activists who maintain that GMOs and products from GMOs pose a threat to human health and the sustenance of naturally bred domestic...

In this post on the Kluwer Mediation Blog, the Singapore Court of Appeal case of Retrospect Investment (S) Pte Ltd v Lateral Solutions Pte Ltd [2020] SGCA regarding questions on dispute resolution clauses in a mediated settlement agreement (MSA) is analysed