This paper identifies regulators’ increasing discretionary practices in the innovation sectors and examines whether international economic law is prepared for this supervisory evolution. As demonstrated by the three cases studied, very often technology laws themselves do not entail sufficient...

The way WTO dispute settlement balances WTO Members’ obligation to avoid unnecessary obstacles to international trade with their right to enact measures in pursuit of legitimate public policy objectives has drawn much criticism. The contours of this balance are about to stretched in a...

Sovereign rights in Exclusive economic zones and Continental shelves are functionally limited to the economic exploitation of these zones. Moreover, in the case of disputed maritime zones these sovereign rights are neither exclusive nor necessarily constant. Nevertheless, states are still...

Sustainable growth in Agriculture is not only a national priority in all countries but a global endeavor as well, particularly to achieve the SDG-2. There are, however, some perceptions that rules of the World Trade Organization’s (WTO) agreements may hinder policy space in this regard. This...

This article reviews the Appellate Body Report in the Ukraine – Ammonium Nitrate dispute that focused on the impact of Russia’s dual pricing in the natural gas market on the ammonium nitrate market. Interpreting the WTO Anti-Dumping Agreement (‘ADA’), the Appellate Body rejected the...

The paper provides an analysis of WTO law's security exceptions. First, it examines if acts adopted with reference to national security are reviewable and, if they are, which elements are reviewable and what defenses, if any, are enjoyed by member states? Second, it inquires whether WTO law’s...

A prominent problem with the WTO dispute settlement procedures is the practical difficulty faced by small and developing countries in finding the capacity to effectively retaliate against trading partners that are in violation of their WTO commitments. In light of this problem, Mexico has...