We consider a duopoly price competition with each firm selling one substitute product to strategic consumers, who assess their willingness to pay based on the reference price and make purchase decisions through the MNL model. The influence of reference price on consumer demand, known as the...

The prediction of financial distress has emerged as a significant concern over a prolonged period spanning more than half a century. This subject has garnered considerable attention owing to the precise outcomes derived from its predictive models. The main objective of this study is to predict...