We investigate how oil dependence affects the trade of weapons between countries. We argue that oil-dependent economies have incentives to transfer arms to oil-rich countries to reduce their risk of instability and, as a result, the chances of disruption in the oil industry. We employ gravity...

Many animal and plant species are seriously threatened by urban sprawl, intensive agriculture, pollution, invasive species and climate change resulting from human activities. According to experts, the global environmental commons of land, ocean, atmosphere and biosphere, essential to humankind,...

"Scarcity in the Modern World brings together world-renowned scholars to examine how concerns about the scarcity of environmental resources such as water, food, energy and materials have developed, and subsequently been managed, from the 18th to the 21st century. These multi-disciplinary...

The IDB's strategy in Brazil seeks to promote and further the reform and modernization of the public sector, to support efforts to improve the competitiveness of Brazilian goods, to support the efforts to reduce social inequalities and poverty and, finally, to address the problems of...

The objective of this Technical Note is to describe the necessary Bank requirements for the content and disclosure of Environmental and Social Impact Assessments (ESIAs), with a focus on the particular issues related to cement plants. This Technical Note is a basic document and is designed to...

To date, the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) has considered the impact of its projects on community health and safety on an ad hoc basis. Although the IDB's 2006 Environmental and Safeguards Compliance Policy (OP-703) requires that project teams consider health and safety issues in the...