Franchisees ordinarily are considered to be independent contractors, not employees. While the franchisee works in a particular industry, such as hotels or fast-food, the franchisor usually is viewed as a licensor engaged in the business of franchising, not -- as a legal matter -- working in its...

This article distinguishes two approaches to study the political role of corporations. On the one hand, North American scholars have primarily understood the link between business and politics through the lens of corporate political activity (CPA) looking at how firms influence government...

Since the dawn of human civilization, the cost of moving goods, people, and ideas has forced the geographical bundling of economic activity. Before the days of easy shipping, communities were obliged to consume what they could make. The gradual reduction of shipping costs, with acceleration from...

Trade creation in agricultural products is defined as a statistically significant positive break in the trend function of the growth in exports and imports between member countries. The present study attempts to determine the time of any break in the trend of real exports and imports between the...

Purpose Supplier codes of conduct (CoC) are the primary mechanism companies use to drive corporate social responsibility (CSR) upstream in their supply chains. Companies have traditionally used CoC to tackle systemic social issues (e.g. forced labor, wages and working conditions). More recently,...

This study compares the efficacy of Black–Scholes implied volatility (BSIV) with model-free implied volatility (MFIV) in providing volatility forecasts for 13 North American, European, and Asian stock market indexes: S&P 500 (United States), S&P/ASX 200 (Australia), S&P/TSX 60 (Canada), AEX...