In this paper, we numerically study energy dissipation per unit time per car Ed in the Nagel–Schreckenberg (NS) model. Numerical results show that there is a critical density over which energy dissipation occurs, but below which no energy loss happens in the deterministic NS model. Energy...

The effect of additional input and output sites (as a connection to other roads) on the traffic flow in a cellular automaton model on a road with open boundaries is investigated. For a very low value of probability p of the velocity fluctuation of the vehicles, the 1/fα fluctuations are...

We study the impact of a localized defect in a cellular automaton model for traffic flow which exhibits metastable states and phase separation. The defect is implemented by locally limiting the maximal possible flow through an increase of the deceleration probability. Depending on the magnitude...

For single-lane traffic models it is well known that particle disorder leads to platoon formation at low densities. Here we discuss the effect of slow cars in two-lane systems. Surprisingly, even a small number of slow cars can initiate the formation of platoons at low densities. The robustness...