Hecq, Alain W. J.; Velasquez-Gaviria, Daniel - In: Econometrics : open access journal 13 (2025) 2, pp. 1-25
clustering. Motivated by these features, we introduce a mixed causal-noncausal invertible-noninvertible autoregressive moving …, which proves to be more robust to heavy tails and skewness - common in financial returns. To identify causal vs. noncausal … significant noncausal dynamics in the mean, paired with pronounced GARCH effects in the variance. Imposing a purely causal ARMA …