Oil exporters typically do not consider below-ground assets when allocating their sovereign wealth fund portfolios, and ignore above-ground assets when extracting oil. We present a unified framework for considering both. Subsoil oil should alter a fund’s portfolio through additional leverage...

The paper investigates the efficient extraction path in a partial equilibrium model with exhaustible resource, the usage of which is characterized by return flows, and a backstop to analyze the sequence of the resource use. It is shown that in the presence of users with different return flow...

Many oil exporters accumulate large sovereign wealth funds, though their portfolio allocation does not take into account below-ground assets, like oil. Similarly, the above-ground portfolio does not affect the decision to extract oil. This paper shows that subsoil oil wealth should change a...