Metaheuristics are widely used to address complex optimisation problems where traditional exact methods are computationally infeasible or insufficiently flexible. With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence, large language models, such as ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini, and LLaMA, have...

An approach to energy systems modelling is presented. It employs a mixture of non-linear programming techniques considered suitable for the particular structure of energy models, in order to overcome the problems encountered in optimisation with a non-trivial objective function topology, e.g....