lower level optimal solutions. By using an appropriate perturbation strategy for the optimistic or pessimistic formulation … any given decision at the upper level. The optimistic or the pessimistic bilevel optimal solution can then be efficiently …-perturbed formulation is approximately equivalent to the original optimistic or pessimistic formulation and give an error bound for the …

before the actual earnings announcement. The second one is the optimistic bias channel. The optimistic bias channel means … correlated with the stock return through the optimistic bias channel as more self-selection means more optimistic bias as low …

before the actual earnings announcement. The second one is the optimistic bias channel. The optimistic bias channel means … correlated with the stock return through the optimistic bias channel as more self-selection means more optimistic bias as low …