We draw on trade theory to empirically explore the effects of value chain integration on producer price dynamics. Using the EU as an example of an integrated area, we construct measures of backward and forward linkages with intra- and extra-EU trading partners at the country-sector level. We...

Empirical evidence shows monetary shocks have two temporary effects on the distribution of prices. One, the dispersion of cross-section of prices increases in response to monetary shocks. Two, some prices change in the "wrong" direction: some prices decrease in response to positive monetary...

The consumer price index (CPI) is a key economic indicator used to gauge inflation, adjust wages, pensions, and social benefits. The producer prices index (PPI) is used for forecasting and deflating GDP estimates. Both indexes are used by the Fund, policymakers, and researchers for global,...