It is argued that an independent judiciary is a necessary condition for both individual liberty and economic prosperity. After having surveyed the literature dealing with how to arrange for an independent judiciary, the authors derive some additional policy implications by drawing on two...

The purpose of this paper is to estimate the effect of state criminal justice expenditures and state public health expenditures on deterring illicit drug use. The empirical model is based on a demand and supply model of drug markets. The effect of a given expenditure on criminal justice or...

Judicial activism is a conceptually fuzzy, but for that reason, rhetorically powerful term. No one has ever defined it in a way that has enjoyed widespread support. Deployed as a descriptive term for a judicial decision or a series of judicial decisions it is meaningless without further...

Brazilian democracy relies on a Constitution promulgated in 1988, and, in these 32 years, received 105 amendments. An American trained lawyer will object: how is it possible, that’s a changing document, there’s no legal certainty at all! But We, Brazilians, are resilient! Sometimes takes...

This report analyses Egypt's legal and policy framework and takes stock of the Egyptian Government's efforts to co-ordinate child justice services and make the justice system in Egypt more child-friendly. It includes an analysis of specific design and delivery mechanisms of justice and support...