swarm optimization–genetic algorithm (PSO–GA) multivariate environmental learning curve estimation method. The model uses …This study aims to estimate carbon intensity abatement potential in China at the regional level by proposing a particle …

, exponential, and quadratic. To obtain better parameters, an improved hybrid algorithm called PSO-GA (particle swarm optimization-genetic … algorithm) is proposed. This proposed algorithm differs from previous hybrids in the two ways. First, the GA and PSO approaches …