The behaviour of the permanent and transitory economic shocks for different levels of households' welfare is studied using both consumption and income measures. After testing for heteroskedasticity of the economic shocks, we use local polynomial regression models to estimate the variance of the...

This study investigates the pattern of poverty in Italy in the 1980s and the 1990s, by means of both eonsumption and ineome measures, so as to separate the permanent and temporary eomponents. The empirie al analysis we eonduet addresses not only eeonomie issues, but also those of survey...