This paper examines the contributions of real (permanent) and nominal (temporary) shocks on the nominal and real exchange rates of the Indian Rupee against the US dollar in the period since 1993, using the long-run structural VAR technique. If nominal shocks account for most of the movement in...

This paper aims to assess whether the EU is an optimum currency area (OCA)by examining synchronization of business cycles and long-run outþut linkages in the EU countries. We argue that a necessary condition for the desirability of EMU membership for national economies is that the degree of...

This paper develops a dynamic analysis of the trade balance to investigate the roles of supply and demand shocks. It also introduces global shocks in the analysis to take into account the comovement of income across countries. The results, based on the long-run historical data and a structural...