Politicians’ behavioral changes as an election nears have typically been attributed to the incentive effects of an election. I document that behavioral changes can occur even for unelected judges. Using data from 1925-2002 on U.S. appellate judges, who are appointed for life, I find that just...

In this study, we experimentally analyze public goods games with an interior provision point. The role of ideology is tested in two different environments in which the political affiliation of group members is manipulated. While in the first experiment, participants’ ideology was no salient,...

Guay and Johnston (2022) examine asymmetric politically motivated reasoning on the part of liberals and conservaites. In our replication of the paper we examine four potential issues with the analysis: confounding in the numeracy task, heterogeneity across ideological constraints, the use of...