Liu, Liru; Aye, Lu; Lu, Zhongwu; Zhang, Peihong - In: Energy 31 (2006) 12, pp. 1870-1882
Many energy-intensive process industries have complex material flows, which have a strong effect on the overall energy … intensity in process industries. Based on the concept of a standard material flow diagram (SMFD), as used in steel manufacturing … material flow diagram (PMFD) using the characteristics of practical process industries. The effect of each material flow …