In July 2024, the Board approved a four-year arrangement under the Extended Credit Facility to support the Ethiopian authorities’ Homegrown Economic Reform agenda (HGER), which aims to correct macroeconomic imbalances, restore external debt sustainability, and lay the foundations for high,...

Economic activity remains strong despite global uncertainty. Favorable medium-term growth prospects are underpinned by Paraguay’s macroeconomic stability and the ongoing implementation of comprehensive structural reforms. Inflation remains under control, public debt at prudent levels, and...

Hurricane Melissa struck Jamaica shortly after the country successfully completed its Precautionary and Liquidity Line and the Arrangement under the Resilience and Sustainability Facility with the Fund. Jamaica’s strong track record of economic reforms has created critical buffers that are...

The country continues to face a highly challenging environment marked by the conflict in the East, compounded by mounting humanitarian pressures. The situation continues to strain public finances, with escalating security spending crowding out other essential expenditure. Recent political...

Strong growth has continued during 2025 as large financial inflows have contributed to robust domestic demand, but the medium-term outlook remains vulnerable to a less favorable external environment in the context of regional and global uncertainty. Tajikistan’s favorable economic performance...

When structural labor supply models are unavailable or impractical, the paper proposes a practical method for incorporating behavioral responses into static taxbenefit microsimulation models. Using elasticity estimates from the literature, the proposed external evidence procedure offers a...

The tax and transfer system partially insures households against individual income risk. We build a framework to assess the size and (welfare) value of this partial insurance, which is based on exploiting distributional differences between household gross income and disposable income. Our...