Using optimization techniques in a simulation framework, this study demonstrates the synergy between risk balancing and alternative strategies in effectively reducing risk under changing farm conditions. Highly risk-averse farmers tend to prefer integrated risk-management plans, based on the...

This article considers the economic and environmental (in terms of CO2) effects of national energy policies in a European Single Market for electricity. It was found that the combined CO2/Energy-tax proposed by the European Commission would be able to stabilise the current volume of...

Aphid species using a defensive soldier caste offer us the opportunity to study allocation decisions by eusocial groups, without the hindrance of genetic dissimilarity between colony members, which often impair studies involving Hymenopteran or Isopteran systems. When the entire aphid clone is...