The purpose of this paper is to explain the essence of the Europe 2020 Strategy, with particular emphasis on development projects in the field of innovation;to assess the level of innovation in the EU economies in comparison to the U.S., Japan and South Korea, and to describe the conditions for...

Economic theory dating to Domar and Musgrave (1944) suggests that the tax treatment of gains and losses can affect firmsf incentives to undertake high-risk investments. Exploiting a 2002 tax law change in Japan that allows business groups to adopt a consolidated taxation system (CTS) and using...

The purpose of this paper is to consider the relationship between monopoly transport prices and an industry’s technology level of research and development (R&D). Although R&D efficiency is often considered a key factor to improve the performance of firms in an industry, we demonstrate that...