systematic randomization between noncomparable options may lead to a chain of decisions resulting in monetary losses (a money … randomizing. Thus, randomization among noncomparable options is costly relative to deliberate selection. On the other hand …, randomization among indifferent options is costless relative to deliberate selection. …

addition, randomization can induce a large number of changes in factor levels and thus make experimentation expensive and …

Dynamic allocation of participants to treatments in a clinical trial has been an alternative to randomization for … situations studied, to prefer randomization to design-adaptive allocation. Specifically, there is no evidence of bias, the number … of participants wasted by randomization in small studies is not trivial, and when the aim is to place bounds on the …