This chapter critically examines the development of the fine and asset forfeiture measures in both the constituent instruments and case law of international(ised) criminal tribunals since Nuremberg. The chapter demonstrates that such procedures have been underutilised in practice, even though...

This article critically analyses the reparations and asset forfeiture framework at the Extraordinary African Chambers and its application in the case against Hissène Habré. It identifies obstacles to implementing the reparations awarded and calls for states and international organizations to...

Centuries of enslavement and discrimination make it easy to make a case that Blacks deserve reparations. This essay explores whether compensating Blacks for the racism they experienced is politically possible or good public policy. Survey data indicate that building political support for...

Historians of African-America have long noted the exclusion of domestic and agricultural workers from the early years of Social Security, which denied benefits to disproportionately Black workers. Archives of the Social Security Administration and period ethnographies attribute this exclusion to...

This paper conducts comprehensive analyses to estimate the overall reparation for 246 years of slavery with over 9.79 million slaves and over 410,403 million labor hours of slavery. We separated the overall reparation between the United States and the United Kingdom since the origin of slavery...

The destruction left by Nazi Germany was horrendous. The occupied countries had been ravaged and plundered, millions of people murdered, cities laid in ashes. There was every reason to make the defeated Germans pay for 'Hitler's debt' as The New York Times called the gigantic damage inflicted....