Das vorliegende Dokument wurde im Rahmen des Netzwerks "Verbund Forschungsdaten Bildung" entwickelt und bietet eine Zusammenstellung von Formulierungsbeispielen für Nutzungsbedingungen für Forschungsdatenzentren. In Nutzungsbedingungen werden die Rechte und Pflichten der Datennutzenden sowie...

By 2050, the European Union aims to become climate neutral. The achievement of this goal will require, among others, a massive boost in energy efficiency. Companies and other organizations can make a significant contribution to climate protection through systematic and long-term energy...

Using panel data on S&P's credit ratings for firms from 63 countries over the 2000–2016 period, we uncover divergent patterns in the rating standards over time. Standards strengthen by 1.5 notches for U.S. firms and by 2.2 notches for other developed country firms, but weaken by 1.2 notches...

This paper examines whether the certification effect of VCs extends to firm's potential customers, and whether, by certifying firms' values to potential customers, VCs provide value to firms. Using weekly trading data from P2P lending platforms in China, we find that the amount of loans...

This paper estimates an individual level demand model for eggs differentiated by animal welfare. Typically, after minimum quality standards for eggs are raised, the price of higher quality eggs falls. As a result, consumer welfare is redistributed from households who do not value animal welfare...

This paper describes the incentives for firms to seek voluntary product safety certifications. We consider a firm which makes the decision of whether or not to seek certification prior to selling the product. We show that, even when the firm and the consumers have same beliefs about the product...

This paper examines the impact of uniform standards from an economy's perspective in the presence of capital crunches and economic shocks. We show that converting to uniform standards benefits some economies but may be detrimental to other economies, and the impact is determined by the joint...