In models of certification possible restrictions on the nature of the fee structures are commonly analyzed. We show that they are irrelevant for the certifier's ability to maximize profits and trade efficiency. Our results establish that certification schemes involve two substitutable...

Implemented by an increasing number of organisations worldwide, the ISO 9001 standard for quality management received considerable attention in the existing literature. Researchers worldwide have found positive, negative and even mixed effects of ISO 9001 certification on firms' performance,...

Canada relies on third party certification of products and materials to manage health and safety issues. Thousands of mandatory standards are embedded in federal, provincial, and territorial regulations and in national safety codes. European manufacturers of products and materials can therefore...

Nudgeslight-touch interventions aimed to help people achieve socially desirable outcomesoften take place without individuals being aware that policy-makers are using this tool of government. It would seem to be ethically superior to tell individuals they are being nudged, making them aware...

The Commission Regulation (EU) 2016/631 of the 14th of April 2016 establishing a network code on requirements for grid connection of generators introduces a framework for building a structural harmonization of technical stipulations across Europe. Network operators must implement this regulation...