Copulas are a convenient framework to synthesize joint distributions, particularly in higher dimensions. Currently, copula-based high dimensional settings are used for as many as a few hundred variables and require large data samples for estimation to be precise. In this paper, we employ...

The use of a deterministic numeric paradigm in auditing and accounting may well be the root cause of many current problems. This paper argues that risk-based accounting methods should start using probabilistic inputs which would show resultant distributions as output. “Stochastic accounting”...

Covariance appears throughout investment management, e.g., in risk reporting and control, portfolio construction, risk parity, smart beta, algorithmic trading, and hedging. It is usually represented via multi-factor model. The form’s fewer parameters and structure—comovement through...

Derivatives, especially equity and volatility options, contain valuable and oftentimes essential information for estimating stochastic volatility models. Absent strong assumptions, their typically highly nonlinear pricing dependence on the state vector prevents or at least severely impedes their...

Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is a non-parametric approach for measuring the relative efficiencies of peer decision making units (DMUs). In recent years, it has been widely used to evaluate two-stage systems under different organization mechanisms. This study modifies the conventional...

High-frequency financial data are not only discretely sampled in time but the time separating successive observations is often random. We analyze the consequences of this dual feature of the data when estimating a continuous-time model. In particular, we measure the additional effects of the...