payments. Design/methodology/approach - This paper begins by explaining the accumulation of foreign reserves in EMDEs as a self-protection … accumulating foreign reserves as a self-protection strategy in EMDEs and EMEs' was huge compared to their development financing … the estimated huge costs of accumulating foreign reserves, EMDEs should accompany it by other complementary self-protection …

payments. Design/methodology/approach - This paper begins by explaining the accumulation of foreign reserves in EMDEs as a self-protection … accumulating foreign reserves as a self-protection strategy in EMDEs and EMEs' was huge compared to their development financing … the estimated huge costs of accumulating foreign reserves, EMDEs should accompany it by other complementary self-protection …

's China policy is driven by two principles of action: self-protection and political indifference. Self-protection is more …

’s China policy is driven by two principles of action: self-protection and political indifference. Self-protection is more …

-incident services to the concepts of self-protection and self-insurance, we show that when pricing a single contract, the insurer would … always shift the full cost of self-protection services to the insured; however, this does not generally hold for the pricing …