Open shop scheduling problems (OSSP) are highly significant in engineering and industry, involving critical scheduling challenges. The job type determines the duration required for material transfer between machines and remains unaffected by distance, eliminating any waiting time for transfers....

We present a novel variational inequality model (VIM) to capture the complex real decision-making process in multi-tiered supply chain networks (MSCN) without strictly limiting the features of related functions. The VIM is formulated with the equilibrium conditions on links as the optimization...