Normalization of expression levels applied to microarray data can help in reducing measurement error. Different methods, including cyclic loess, quantile normalization and median or mean normalization, have been utilized to normalize microarray data. Although there is considerable literature...

Consider two tectonic plates diverging at a mid-ocean ridge. Geophysicists are able to estimate the rotation of one plate relative to the other at a discrete sequence of times in the earth's history; also they usually have information as to the likely errors in these rotation estimates. We...