Schmiedel, Heiko; Kostova, Gergana; Ruttenberg, Wiebe - European Central Bank - 2012
sample of participating EU countries. Half of the social costs are incurred by banks and infrastructures, while the other … half of all costs are incurred by retailers. The social costs of cash payments represent nearly half of the total social … costs, while cash payments have on average the lowest costs per transaction, followed closely by debit card payments …