risks from loneliness, social isolation, and living alone, remain controversial. Further research is therefore important … males (1.55) than females (1.24). These hazard ratios are larger than found for social isolation (1.19). We also find a … income. Overall, our findings suggest that interventions should focus on reducing both loneliness and social isolation, as …

reduced loneliness and social isolation. Heterogeneity analysis by gender reveals that retirement increases feelings of …