In most macroeconomic models, the substitutability between domestic and foreign goods is calibrated using aggregated data. This imposes homogeneous elasticities across goods, and the calibration is only valid under this assumption. If elasticities are heterogeneous, the aggregate...

This Selected Issues paper focuses on financing constraints and productivity in Estonia. The paper examines two questions: (1) is there evidence of financing constraints among Estonian firms; and (2) have financing constraints reduced firm-level total factor productivity (TFP)? These questions...

This paper presents the Republic of Armenia’s report on the Observance of Standards and Codes and detailed assessment using the data quality assessment framework. Armenia exceeds Special Data Dissemination Standard requirements for both periodicity and timeliness in releases of data on...

Inequality indices for self-assessed health and life satisfaction are typically constructed as functions of the cumulative distribution function. We present a unified methodology for the estimation of the resulting inequality indices. We also obtain explicit standard error formulas in the...

This paper develops asymptotic theory for differentiated product demand models with a large number of markets T. It takes into account that the predicted market shares are approximated by Monte Carlo integration with R draws and that the observed market shares are approximated from a sample of N...