I develop a dynamic framework to assess the value of pharmaceutical innovation, taking explicit account of how side effects and the labor market affect the demand for medical treatment. In the framework, forward-looking patients do not simply maximize underlying health or longevity. Rather, they...

Instrumental variables (IVs) can be used to construct estimators of exposure effects on the outcomes of studies affected by non-ignorable selection of the exposure. Estimators which fail to adjust for the effects of non-ignorable selection will be biased and inconsistent. Such situations...