Cameroon's economic recovery has continued against a backdrop of domestic security pressures, increased regional spillover risks, and continuing global economic uncertainties. Inflation remains high although decelerating, and while Cameroon is the largest CEMAC economy with ample economic...

The new administration under President Tinubu has started its term with bold reforms in challenging circumstances. The authorities quickly implemented two major reforms: removing fuel subsidies and unifying the various official foreign exchange windows. Growth is lackluster, inflation high and...

According to the IMF, the current public debt makes up nearly 40 percent of the global debt, marking the highest share since the mid-1960s. Despite the vast research on alarming levels of sovereign default, the literature remains inconclusive. This paper investigates macroeconomic, financial,...

This study explores the impact of International Monetary Fund (IMF)-linked conditionality on government education expenditures in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Understanding the impact of conditional lending by international financial institutions on education spending is...

The Common Framework for Sovereign Debt Restructuring provides a process for easing debt burdens on low-income countries but has operated too slowly for the four countries that have so far sought relief under it. Official bilateral creditors that are not members of the Paris Club are often...

This paper presents Ghana's 2023 Article IV Consultation, First Review under the Extended Credit Facility Arrangement under the Extended Credit Facility, Request for Modification of Performance Criteria, and Financing Assurances Review. Ghana's performance under the program has been strong. All...

This paper discusses Pakistan's First Review under the Stand-By Arrangement, Requests for Waivers of Applicability of Performance Criteria, Modification of Performance Criteria, and for Rephasing of Access. Economic activity has stabilized in Pakistan, although the outlook remains challenging...

This paper presents the 2023 Article IV consultation and Request for an Arrangement under the Extended Credit Facility (ECF) with The Gambia. The ECF-supported program aims to strengthen economic recovery, tackle inflation, address foreign exchange pressures, reduce debt vulnerabilities, advance...

This paper discusses 2023 Article IV Consultation, Sixth Reviews under the Extended Fund Facility (EFF) and Extended Credit Facility (ECF) Arrangements, Requests for Augmentations of Access, Modification of Performance Criteria, Waiver of Nonobservance of Performance Criteria, Waiver of...