Refugees are mainly hosted in low-income countries, where they often remain for a long time. Therefore, it is important to assess how they integrate with the local economy and to what extent their presence can contribute to the transition to a more dynamic economic environment. Proximity between...

The conventional functional form of the Constant-Elasticity-of-Substitution (CES) production function is a general production function nesting a number of other forms of production functions. Examples of such functions include Leontief, Cobb–Douglas, and linear production functions....

We derive a general formula for the elasticity of substitution of a large class of smooth utility functions. This formula depends critically on two terms: the marginal rate of substitution and the elasticity of marginal utility, which may be interpreted according to the context either as the...

Trade and industrial policies, while primarily intended to support domestic industries, may unintentionally stimulate technological progress abroad. We document this mechanism in the case of rare earth elements (REEs) - critical inputs for manufacturing at the knowledge frontier, with low...

The constancy of the elasticity of factor substitution (σ) makes its role as a driver of the labor income share exogenous. The constant elasticity of substitution (CES) (Arrow et al., 1961) production function has predominantly been used to support this causal relationship. This paper argues...

The accumulation principle suggests that complementarity between capital and labor forces the labor income share to rise in the presence of capital accumulation. The CES model estimates using data from 20 Japanese industries between 1970 and 2012 explain the same outcome but with substitutable...

Substitution between clean and dirty inputs and directed technical change, either clean energy-augmenting or dirty energy-augmenting, lie at the center of leading economic analyses of climate policy. Despite their theoretical interconnectedness, joint empirical assessments of these two factors...

This paper presents a generalized model to investigate forecast horizons for a twoproduct dynamic lot-sizing model under production changeover and one-way demand substitution. Changeover costs emerge when production switches from one product to another. A high-grade product can be used to...