Lean global supply chains have exhibited considerable improvements in inventory levels, lead times, and service levels in recent decades. Still, global disruptions such as pandemics have exposed the hidden vulnerabilities of these supply chains. This study extends the previous literature by...

This paper is concerned with the scope for developing countries to benefit from the Internet in non-synchronous ways that is, in cases where some delay is involved in the delivery of information, as compared with the real-time alternative used in developed countries. The first part of the paper...