The interaction of clients and consultants is frequently characterized by misunderstandings and conflicts. On the one hand, this is not surprising as consultants and clients play different roles before, during and after consulting assignments. On the other hand, it seems that consultants are...

The aim of this paper is to explain consulting failure from a systems-theoretical perspective and to provide a new framework for analysing consultant–client relationships. By drawing on Luhmann's systems theory, clients and consultants are conceptualised as two autopoietic communication...

Drawing on Niklas Luhmann's theory of social systems, we analyse the importance of different styles of expectation (cognitive and normative) for global research and development. In our study, we find that contrary to Luhmann's prediction in 1971, the normative expectation style still plays a...

The monography considers laws and mechanisms of social development from positions of positivism, dialectic materialism and the theory of systems. The methodology of the author is based on causality in relations of a society and social institutes. Social development is considered as result of...

Systemtheoretische Ansätze für die Untersuchung von Fragestellungen mit einer großen Anzahl von miteinander in Beziehung stehenden Einflussgrößen oder Variablen werden vorgestellt. Diese dergestalt verknüpften Größen werden auch als Netzwerke bezeichnet. Fokussiert wird auf die...