This study examined the factor structure of Green, Grey, and Red EU securities using extended asset pricing models built on the Fama–French and Carhart frameworks. The findings show improved return predictability and consistently negative risk-adjusted alpha across categories post-Global...

Previous research on financial contagion has mostly looked at volatility spillovers using static or fixed parameter models. These models don't always take into account how inter-market links change and depend on frequency during big crises. This study fills in that gap by looking at how changes...