Pedestrian group detection is a challenging but significant issue in pedestrian flow control and public safety management. To address the issue that most conventional pedestrian grouping models (PGMs) can only identify a pedestrian group at a limited distance of less than 2 m, this study...

This article develops a complete system of ordinary differential equations for tracking a single eigenvalue of a parameterized matrix, together with one of its corresponding right or left eigenvectors, over parameter intervals. The feasibility and accuracy of the method are illustrated by...