Market access is the most important liberalizing principle in the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). It entails a general prohibition of quantitative restrictions, which however is conditional on commitments undertaken by Members in their respective Schedules of Commitments. Case-law...

Developing countries and least developed countries (LDCs) have played a minor role in multilateral trade. Owing to the fact that these states lacked adequate analytical and technical resources, drafting multilateral agreements with developed states was a challenge. A proper framework for fuller...

This paper reviews the trade agreement landscape and argues that the conventional understanding of trade agreements as encapsulated in the WTO Agreements is now outdated. This misperception about trade agreements is not just an institutional insufficiency. Concentration on those agreements has...

Part I of this Comment describes the OPEC practices that form the basis of opponents’ complaints, including OPEC member countries’ efforts to influence the world oil market and help oil producers achieve certain rates of return, as well as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade8...

Last week, the World Trade Organization (WTO) concluded its 11th Ministerial Conference in Buenos Aires, Argentina, amid divergent expectations and goals. Significant issues remain unresolved, and WTO members continue to differ on how countries should approach WTO commitments in light of varying...

The original TRIPS waiver proposal made by India and South Africa in October 2020 was based on the need for affordable access to medical products for the prevention, containment of treatment of COVID-19 during the pandemic. That proposal sought to bring into force a waiver of WTO States’ TRIPS...

Sovereignty is a key matter in international law. Due to new problems and demands, the density of international institutions has risen in the new world order bringing in new international norms that are intrusive on each other. This study focused on international law and its relationship to...

The negotiation of multilateral agreements has stalled at the World Trade Organization (WTO). The action is among groups of like-minded WTO Members, either regionally or in open plurilateral agreements (OPAs) in Geneva at the WTO. There is currently no consensus among WTO Members to include...