This paper derives estimates of optimal levels of reserves for Bolivia, focusing on current account shocks as the key balance of payments risk. Bolivia’s foreign reserves are adequate, with an optimal level between 29 percent of GDP and 37 percent of GDP. The accumulation of foreign...

The Bologna Process: What is its origin? What are the final objectives of this university reform? Who will gain and who will lose by it? You do not have to do sociological research to find out that outside the university world nobody knows anything about it because even inside that world, the...

Palau’s detailed assessment report on Anti-Money Laundering (AML) and Combating the Financing of Terrorism (CFT) has been examined. Palau has strengthened its AML/CFT legislative framework that has been in place since 2001 with the amendments to the Money Laundering and Proceeds of Crime...

For almost 20 years, the Nicaraguan authorities have been implementing a fiscal decentralization process to devolve an increasing degree of autonomy to municipalities. As a part of this process, and mainly due to the efforts of the Association of Municipalities of Nicaragua (AMUNIC is the...

Central bankers wish to ensure worldwide that large-value transfer systems, as a component of the key market infrastructure, exhibit sufficiently robust levels of operational resilience. We focus on the operational resilience of the Hungarian real time gross settlement system, known as VIBER....

Two central problems in a fiscal transfer systemrelate to resolving vertical and horizontal imbalances. In the context of the setting of the 13th Finance Commission, this paper looks at the methodological background of fiscal transfers followed by recent Finance Commissions in India,...

Central bankers wish to ensure worldwide that large-value transfer systems, as a component of the key market infrastructure, exhibit sufficiently robust levels of operational resilience. We focus on the operational resilience of the Hungarian real time gross settlement system, known as VIBER....

The Canadian financial sector is among the world’s most highly developed. The five large banking groups that form the core of the system are conservatively managed and highly profitable. The stress tests suggest that the large Canadian banks can withstand a broad range of shocks. The...