The failure of newly independent Central Asian countries to diversify exports after the Soviet Union's collapse is attributed to high trade costs, either because these countries are landlocked or due to border delays and regulatory obstacles. This paper estimates the impact of the high costs of...

Background: Indonesia is an archipelagic country with 17,508 islands spread over the Pacific and Indian Oceans, with thousands of inter-island routes requiring a large and engaged fleet. The vast expanse of the country also leads to challenges related to optimal fleet coverage, routing, and oil...