IIA (independence of irrelevant alternatives) axiom states that the ratio of choice probabilities of any two brands will depend only on the utilities of the brands. However, even if the utilities of brands are assumed to be fixed, their choice probabilities will be affected by the similarity...

It has been suggested that discrimination and rejection of the nestlings of avian brood parasites are most likely to evolve when the parasite nestling is raised alongside the host nestlings, for example, many cowbird-host systems. Under these circumstances, the benefits of discrimination are...